Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Principles of Marketing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2225 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Principle Of Marketing Contents Introduction Concept Product decision Research summary and strategy Pricing decision Promotion and media respond Launching schedule Marketing budget and profitability Conclusion References Introduction Concept Seeing a rising trend of health conscious food, especially in nutrition food category, we decided to develop a new sport nutrition product that suitable and convenience for everyone, which could be an alternative choice for people who are busy and could not spend much time for a meal. According to Euromonitor International Pass Port Sport Nutrition In The United King Dom (2013a, 2013b), there was an increases by 16 percent in current value terms in 2012, archived GBP260 million. Energy and nutrition bars sees increased 18 percent of volume with a current value increased of 12 percent in 2012. Protein product has been seen a growing non-stop since 2012. The increased of sport nutrition substitute grows steadily. There is also a forecast of raising a steady value of 13 percent, to reach GBP478 million in 2017 of sport nutrition. As can be seen, energy and nutrition food industry rises steadily in recent year. We chose Nestle as our existing company because Nestle is a national wide company famous for producing health and nutrition food. Our product is a new kind of energy bar, based on the innovative and reputation that Nestle has, we can make it easier to launch our product. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Principles of Marketing" essay for you Create order Product decision After conducting a research about energy and nutrition bars flavour, one common bar has sweet and fruity flavour, it is very rare for a customer to find and to buy a salty bar. Hence, to differentiate our product, we decided to develop a new flavour for our energy and nutrition product, which will be a salty energy and nutrition bar, which has cheese flavour. The main ingredients of our product is fat-free cottage cheese, which contains important protein-base nutrition. This ingredient helps people to build and enhance muscle, plus, it has very nice taste. The other ingredients of our product are: peanut, peanut butter, flour, sugar, Lo Han Guo powder, sea salt. Because this product contains peanut, therefore a word of advice for people who are allergic to peanut should not consume this product will be printed outside the package. We use aluminium foil to pack our product in order to keep it clean and fresh. We segmented our target customer in demographic, psychographic and b ehavioural. In demographic, our customer are both female and male, but we may focuses more on male, age from 18 to 36, working people and students. In psychographic, our customers are people who like to go to the gym, like to build muscle or have a busy life, do not have much time for a proper meal. In behavioural, our customers are people who seek benefit of convenience food and purchase and consume at least one energy bar a week. We name our product C-bar, C stands for cheese. The up selling point of our product is it is unique, it is the first cheese flavour nutrition bar with low-calorie. C-Bar does not only help build and enhance muscle, but it is also a suitable alternative for a meal in rush hour, people can eat a C-Bar whenever they feel hungry and they do not have enough time to go home and cook a proper meal. Research summary and strategy We conducted a research on energy and nutrition food industry. The result showed that energy and nutrition food industry grows rapidly from 2007 and 2012, and to be seen as continue in future. Table 1Sales of Snack Bars by Category: Value 2007-2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Breakfast Bars 244.8 257.2 262.4 269 272.9 275.9 Energy and Nutrition Bars 18.3 24 30.9 38.2 45.7 55 Fruit Bars 16.1 15.5 15.1 14.7 14.4 14.2 Granola/Muesli Bars 56.7 62.5 69.7 82.8 95.4 107.1 Other Snack Bars 33.9 43.6 54 58.7 64.1 71.4 Snack Bars 369.9 402.8 432.1 463.3 492.4 523.5 Source: Euromonitor International from official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, store checks, trade interviews, trade sources The table below is the market share of nutrition and energy food category from 2009 to 2012. Table 2 Energy and nutrition food marketshare Brand Company 2009 2010 2011 2012 Maximuscle Maxinutrition Ltd 36.7 36.0 36.2 36.3 Precision Engineered Holland Barrett Retail Ltd 13.6 12.9 14.8 14.6 Myprotein Hut Group Ltd,The 5.1 6.4 8.7 10.8 Reflex Reflex Nutrition Ltd 3.2 3.2 4.2 4.2 USN USN UK Ltd 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 Sci-Mx Nutrition Sci-Mx Nutrition LLP 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 CNP Professional CNP Professional Ltd 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 Phd PhD Nutrition Ltd 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 Prolab Natrol UK Ltd 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 EAS EAS UK Ltd 4.3 4.4 2.9 1.9 Others 16.8 15.8 15.3 14.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Euromonitor International from official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, store checks, trade interviews, trade sources As can be seen, Maxinutrition Ltd is the leader of this market, its market share is 2.5 times the second largest Holland Barrett Retail Ltd. We conducted an online survey which asked customers about their favourite flavour, frequency of purchase and price range they would like to spend for an energy bar. The result shows that only 25 percent of people purchase energy bar 2 to 3 times a week while 52 percent said that they rarely buy one. The most favourite flavour is chocolate with 60 percent of people agreed. People are more willing to pay for an energy bar with price range from GBP1.00 to GBP1.99, and only 20 percent willing to buy an energy bar at GBP2.00 to 2.99 or less than GBP0.99. According to Trotts (2011) evaluation criteria of long term strategy fit, in 3 year, we planned on: Make strategic partnership Gyms and fitness centre Research and develop new flavours Television commercials Member cards And in 5 years, we would like to: Introduce in student halls, canteens, pharmacy Make commercials using celebrities Research and develop new product targeting children and elderly And our channel fit would be retailers, fitness centre and gym, supermarket, general food store and vending machine. Pricing decision Since our competitors are existing companies with wide range of different products, they use Product Line Pricing, pricing different products within the same product range at different price points. Table below show the competitors lowest retail price on a nutrition energy bar product. Table 3 Lowest retail price of competitors Competitors Price from Quality Phd 1.45 High Powerbar 1.49 High USN 1.64 Low Quest bar 2.44 Low Myprotein 2.99 Low Maximuscle 3.79 High Seeing a gap in middle high price and middle high quality, we decided our product will be at that position. Diagram 2 Position map of energy and nutrition food industry (with C-Bar) Based on the participants response on how much they are willing to pay for an energy bar and our aim to produce a product with medium high quality and medium high price, we used competitor-based pricing, consider how our competitor do and how they set price (Kotler and Amstrong, 2013). Our cost per unit is GBP0.59, it is reasonable to set the price at GBP2.49. We set our price a little bit high though all of our respondent would willing to buy the product at GBP1.99. Therefore, we also use psychological pricing, to make the customer believe the product is cheaper than it really is and our product quality is worth to buy, so that customer who seeks value and quality may be attracted to it. Promotion and media respond Due to very high advertisement fee on TV, advertising on social network sites such as YouTube and Facebook seems more cost-effective. Facebook and YouTube are rated the most popular and paid for online advertising on social networks. According to the US Marketers/ Agencies (2011), 69 percent of 230 respondents asked thought advertising on Facebook is good and excellent, while 46 percent agreed that YouTube is another good idea for paid advertising online. And people who thought Twitter is good for advertising only account for 36 percent of 230 respondents. Our product aims to customer both male and female, age from 18 and above, who have a busy life and do not have enough time for a proper meal or like to build muscle. Most people may have television at their home, but there is still a number of people who cannot afford to have a television or a television license at home, especially student who lives far from home. Thanks to the development of high technology and internet, ever yone owns mobile phone, laptop and tablets. And as a matter of fact, they watch YouTube and log in Facebook or Twitter almost every single day. First of all, people cannot deny that Facebook is one of the most popular social networks in the world, which have the largest number of users. Facebook can help business approach any kind of target customers and increase brand awareness, enhance the firms reputation. With the feature Like on Facebook, whenever a Facebook user click Like on something, as a consequence, it create a story on peoples new feed and that persons story timeline. This feature also makes Facebook users become free advertisers for businesses. Plus, Facebook is cost-effective promotion, it charge by cost-per-click and cost-per-thousand impression bid (Facebook.com). Businesses only have to pay for the impressions or clicks they receive, and can manage this via their ads manager. Twitter has opened up advertising to small commerce lately (The Guardian, 2013). Adve rtising on Twitter will also be charged by cost-per-click and cost-per-thousand impressions and tweets (Twitter.com). Advertising on Twitter just as advertising on Facebook, the more people subscribe to your business Facebook fan page or Twitter account, the more popular that business gets. Advertising on YouTube is a huge opportunity to get more customers. People watch clips and movies on YouTube every day, and there is always a small advertising launches before the movie clips starts, people can choose either to watch it or to skip it after 5 seconds. Hence, chances are people can still get some information of the product advertised, and if they think it is interesting, they will click on the link leads to the full advertisement and may be, subscribe to it. The more views hit on an YouTube clips, the more popular it gets. YouTube, just like other social networking site, they charge by cost-per-click and cost-per-thousand impressions. Plus, it is available in every platform: com puter, laptop, mobile phone, tablets and any computer operation systems such as Mac and Microsoft. We also thought of advertising on mobile phone via games. A small advertisement will pop up when user start a game, this helps us to attract more customers as well as using social networking site because mobile phone games are getting more and more popular nowadays. The best feature of it is the share feature, if a person thinks our advertisement is interesting, he or she will share it to other people, and the number of people watching our advertisement keep increase as long as people keep sharing it. This is a very cost-effective way of advertising and an excellent way of attracting consumers. Launching schedule Description Responsible department Date Category plans available Research and Development 01.02.2014 Brief National Account Management NAM 01.04.2014 Discussions with retailers Customer Director 01.06.2014 Inventory available Logistic 01.12.2014 Launch to media, trade and sales Sales 01.02.2014 Product in store Logistic 01.03.2014 Advertising and promotions starts Marketing 01.03.2014 The above table is our schedule of launching our product. The category plan which is in charged by Research and Development department would be available on the 1st of February 2014, then 2 months later will be the brief National Account Management by our National Account Management team. Discussion with retailers would be planned to occur on the 1st of June 2014 by Customer Director department. In the last month of 2014, the inventory would be available, Logistic department would be responsible for it. Media launch, trade and sales are in charged by Sales department will be started on the 1st of February 2015. On the 1st March 2015, Logistic department will make sure that our products are available in store and Marketing department will start advertising and promotion campaigns. Marketing budget and profitability We forecast that our sales in the first year may bring a loss of profit of GBP0.34 million. Our customers are 17.6 million women and men age from 18 to 36, our penetration is 5 percent of 5 million target market, that equals 250,000. We expected them to purchases once bar per week, the number of pack sold is 13 million, charged price GBP1.11. Our net sale as forecasted is GBP 14.43 million. The table below is our sales forecast. Table 4 Sales forecast Men + Women (18-36) 17.6 million Target market 5 million Penetration 250,000 (5%) Purchase frequency 1 / week No. of packs 13 million Pricing (average to customers) ÂÂ £1.11 Net sales ÂÂ £14.43 million We will spend GBP7.1 million on advertising as table below details Table 5 Advertising spend Advertising ÂÂ £ 4.5 million Promotion, including DM ÂÂ £1.8 million Market research ÂÂ £800k Though our first and second year will see a loss in profitability, we hope to rise our profit to GBP0.18 million in the third year. The table below is our brand profitability in 3 years. Table 6 3 years sales forcast (in million) Description Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Net sales ÂÂ £14.43 ÂÂ £15.87 ÂÂ £17.46 Gross margin ÂÂ £6.76 ÂÂ £7.44 ÂÂ £8.18 Marketing spend ÂÂ £7.10 ÂÂ £7.50 ÂÂ £8.00 Brand profitability (ÂÂ £0.34) (ÂÂ £0.06) ÂÂ £0.18 Conclusion C-bar is a new product that has never been launched before. It has the flavour and quality that we are confident to be its uniqueness. Although it will be difficult to launch a new kind of energy and nutrition bar with saltiness and cheese flavour, we hope that it will be developed in the future with careful plan. References Facebook, n. d. Facebook for business. [Facebook] Available at: https://www.facebook.com/business [viewed 19.01.2014] Hern, A., 2013. Twitter opens up advertising to small businesses in the UK. The Guardian [online]. Available at:https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/14/twitter-opens-up-advertising-to-small-businesses-in-the-uk [viewed 19.01.2014] Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G., 2013 Principles of Marketing. 15th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Chapters 10 and 11. YouTube, n. d. Advertising on YouTube [YouTube] Available on: https://www.youtube.com/yt/advertise/ [viewed 19.01.2014] Trott, P., 2011 Innovation Management and New Product Development. 5th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. P 446-448, P528-529. 1

Monday, December 23, 2019

School District V. Schempp - 1618 Words

Abington School District v. Schempp is a 1963 Supreme Court Case that challenged religious prayer and teachings in Pennsylvania public schools. The Pennsylvania law made it a requirement for schools in all districts to read from the Bible (at least 10 verses) every day before class began. There was also a clause included in the state action that allowed for any child to be excused from the reading with specific permission from their parent or guardian. The question that this case asks is if it is unconstitutional for public schools to mandate children to partake in Bible teachings and practices before classes began. The reason this case was heard in front of the Supreme court is because the Abington School District wanted to reverse an earlier decision by a district court. The district court decided in favor of the Schempp family and found that forced prayer in public schools, even with an opt out clause, still violates the Constitution under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Once the case was heard in front of the United States Supreme Court, eight out of the nine justices agreed with the previous district court’s ruling and found that prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. II. In Abington, Pennsylvania, the Schempp Family sent their two children to Abington Senior High. The eldest son, Ellory, had graduated previously and was exempt from the case. The case was brought forward by the father, Edward Schempp, on behalf of his children Roger and Donna. TheyShow MoreRelatedSchool District V. Schempp : Establishment Clause1178 Words   |  5 PagesAbington School District v. Schempp Markham, 2 Abington School District v. Schempp Markham, 1 Abington School District v. Schempp: Establishment Clause Jordan Markham Liberty High School 2A Many people in today?s society are caught taking advantage of the rights they have been given. As the Americans we are, we have rights that pertain to freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. These fundamental freedoms have allowed us as American citizens to be able to live our lives withoutRead More The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay4217 Words   |  17 Pages The removal of prayer from public schools is a very controversial and misunderstood debate. This paper will address the history of the debate, common myths and misunderstandings, and the current trends. History of the Debate: Public schools originated in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and soon spread across New England. They began with an elementary school for every fifty families and a Latin school for every one hundred families. Their mission was toRead MoreThe Relationship Between State and Church Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesEvery person has the human right to engage in worship during public forums. Thus every person has the right to pray in school. When prayer was still allowed in school crime was at a low rate. Basically there was less crime everywhere. We consider the good ole days when basic morals were taught at home. When the difference between right and wrong was enforced. When family and religion was considered the most valuable and precious things to have. Now look at the mess we have created. Children lookRead MoreSupreme Court Cases on Separation of Church and State Clauses1907 Words   |  8 Pagesnot matter what religion you are, but how people’s rights ar e affected. Since the beginning of America, there have been multiple Supreme Court cases in which people, schools and organizations have gone after the right to ban religious affairs in such settings where it should not be exposed, such as public schools. Students are in school to learn about facts and history, not to learn religious thoughts or ideas. The public education system was established so that children can obtain a good educationRead MoreThe American Public School System960 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century, the American public school system was founded and built upon early US colonists’ religious principle and ideologies, which were all a branch or sect of Christianity. The first tax-supported public school in the country in Dedham, Massachusetts was run by Reverend Ralph Wheelock who was a puritan priest. Schools in other parts of the English colonies were run by Jesuits, Catholics, Protestants, Lutherans, and the like. When new territory was claimed from the Native Americans,Read MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1466 Words   |  6 PagesProtestant. This is reflected in early schooling, as many schools that children attended began the day with either prayers, readings from the King James version of the Bible, or some form of praising the Christian God. Over time, our country has shifted away from our devotion to religion. Because less people agree on religion in this country, and because public schools are government entities, as cases about religion and prayer in public schools have come up, religion has been separated from the schoolingRead MorePrayer, Homosexuality, And Alcohol And Drugs1469 Words   |  6 Pagesof keeping or prohibiting prayer in public schools. There were two landmark cases concerning the controversy of prayer in public schools. In the first case, Engel v. Vitale (1962), the State Board of Regents that controlled the public schools in New York were worried about the diminishing of morality. As a result, they required a mandatory religious prayer every morning. This case ruled that this mandatory prayer was unconstitutional because public school employees should not be able to force religionRead MoreA Teachers Rights and Responsibilities Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess in this age group and therefore their work is critical to the wellbeing of society. Regardless of the type of school, all teachers are required to teach and promote fundamental human rights, such as to practice them in their daily work. The Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child and Human Rights require preservation in all fields, with particular emphasis on the school that is the natural space to learn, both in theory and in practice. Teaching is a profession where consistency is requiredRead MorePrayer in Public Schools656 Words   |  3 Pagespublic school. Though each of the clauses are originally applied to the central US government, and the Fourteenth Amendment was extended to scope out the w hole entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including state level. Though urging with force the states and the subject schools adopted an equally separate approach to religion in schools. This issue of the school prayer was seriously decision in the U.S. since the 1900’s. In the 18th, 19th, and the early 20th centuries, schools locatesRead MoreShould Religion Be Removed From Schools? Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesReligion in schools is consistently being disputed among schools, students, and government alike. What reasons are there that justify that religion should be taken out of school? Freedom of religion is a pillar of which that holds the foundation of this country, yet it is so heavily discriminated against. The problem lies not in the various religions but in the lack of protection of religion, especially in schools. As said by Richard W.Riley Public schools can neither foster religion nor preclude

Sunday, December 15, 2019

World Trade Organization Free Essays

The courage and dedication that was displayed by the protestors in the video was what I took to heart. It was something else to see a group of people come together to protest something that they believed so strongly despite being pepper sprayed, shot at with rubber bullets, and thrown into jail†¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on World Trade Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an organization? The World Trade Organization was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 member countries. According to their official website www. wto. org the organizations main purpose is to, â€Å"help trade flow as freely as possible-so long as there are no undesirable side-effects. This partly means removing obstacles. † However the organization isn’t a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are written by and for corporations with inside access to the negotiations. Citizen input by consumer, environmental, human rights and labor organizations is consistently ignored as WTO meetings are held in secret. According to the video, out of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a result it is no wonder why so many came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA. According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its motto of free world trade is stomping over labor and human rights in countries throughout the world as the use of cheap labor and child labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine Global Exchange states that the WTO is blocking human rights abuses since they have ruled that, â€Å"1) It is illegal for a government to ban a product base on the way it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the behavior of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such as Burma. The protestors in the video also felt that the WTO was destroying the environment. Evidence of this, dates back to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange, â€Å"The very first WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US Clean Air Act, which required both domestic and foreign producers alike to produce cleaner gasoline, was illegal. Recently, the WTO declared illegal a provision of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an inexpensive device that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an agreement that would eliminate tariffs on wood products, which would increase the demand for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to continue to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble. The actions taken by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too extreme and I’m still unclear for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were peaceful protests and the city freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nike. In my point of view the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that peaceful protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution. How to cite World Trade Organization, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Clytaemnestra And Medea Two Women Seeking Justice free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Clytaemnestra and Medea: Two adult females seeking justness Clytaemnestra and Medea are two adult females who are seeking justness for a incorrect committed by their hubbies. Clytaemnestra? s hubby, Agamemnon, did non wrong here straight but instead indirectly. Agamemnon sacrificed their girl Iphigeneia, in order to quiet the Thracian air currents. For Clytaemnestra this brought much hatred towards Agamemnon. Here Agamemnon had betrayed Clytaemnestra and their girls trust, and for that she sought retaliation. Medea? s hubby, Jason, had dishonored her with his infidelity. Medea sought to kill everything that was of import in Jason? s life in order to seek justness. Clytaemnestra and Medea are similar but yet different in the ways that they define justness, setup up their victims, carry out the merely sentence and in the terminal justify their actions. Clytaemnestra feels the lone justness for the decease of her girl, Iphigeneia, is the decease of Agamemnon. ? Act for an act, lesion for lesion! ? is the lone justification that Clytaemnestra tins see ( Agamemnon 1555 ) . Medea besides sees decease as the lone justification for her hubbies? infidelity. ? To remain here, and in this I will do dead organic structures / Of three of my enemies, -father, the miss and my hubby? ( Medea 370-71 ) . Medea says here that she wishes to kill Kreon, the male parent of the princess Jason will marry, the princess and Jason. Although she neer kills Jason, she does successfully kill Kreon and the princess. Medea subsequently says that she must besides kill her kids to do Jason hurting. In their shaping justness Clytaemnestra and Medea both feel decease is the lone justness. However, with Medea she does non mean to kill Jason. In order for Clytaemnestra to seek justness for her girls? decease, she had to do Agamemnon experience as though nil was incorrect. Clytaemnestra gives a large address when Agamemnon arrives stating everybody how? great the love she bore her hubby, and the agonizing heartache she had suffered in his absence? ( Hamilton 253 ) . She laid ruddy tapestries for him to walk on, and made him experience as though he was worthy plenty to walk on them. Like Clytaemnestra, Medea uses her words to do Kreon and Jason feel as though she is being sincere. Medea convinces Kreon to allow her hold another twenty-four hours before she is banished, by stating him that she needs to happen a topographic point to populate and that she needs to? look for support? for her kids ( Medea 337-339 ) . Medea tells Jason that she is incorrect for what she has said and that he is right for get marrieding a princess, because it will be better for their kids ( Medea 845-954 ) . Clytaemnestra and Medea set their victim s up by doing them experience as though nil is incorrect. Clytaemnestra decides the manner to kill Agamemnon is while he is bathing, there he is defenceless. Clytaemnestra carries out the sentence that she sees merely by cut downing Agamemnon with a blade three times. Then she kills Cassandra, Agamemnon? s courtesan he received for get the better ofing Troy, whom she sees as a nuisance if left alive. Medea, on the other manus does non utilize beastly force at first to kill like Clytaemnestra , alternatively she uses what she knows best, toxicant. Medea sends the kids with Jason bearing gifts for the princess. These gifts consist of a frock and aureate Crown laced with toxicant, which will kill anyone who comes in contact with it. The princess and Kreon both die as a consequence of the toxicant loaded gifts. When Medea finds out that the gifts killed the princess and Kreon she now uses beastly force like Clytaemnestra, by turning the blade on her kids. Clytaemnestra is non every bit barbarous as is Medea. Clytaemnestra could hold killed her boy for whom she saw as a menace, but chose non to because she loved her kids so much ( Hamilton 257 ) . Could Clytaemnestra hold caused the hurting on Jason with out killing her kids? Clytaemnestra and Medea have two different attacks to warranting their actions. Clytaemnestra? ? saw no ground to explicate her act or pardon it. She was non a liquidator in her ain eyes, she was an executioner. She has punished a liquidator, a liquidator of his ain kid, ? he murdered for the Thracian air currents, she feels it needs no account ( Hamilton 255 ) . She feels it is an? Act for act, lesion for lesion? ( Agamemnon 1555 ) , therefore it is merely. In Euripides? Medea the chorus does non happen mistake with Medea for penalizing Jason for what he had done. But they do happen mistake with her killing her kids, they see no justification in it. As for Medea, she believes it must be done for two grounds. First, the kids? s destiny was sealed when they delivered the gifts to the princess. It is possible that reverberations could hold been brought against the kids, either by decease or being castawaies for their engagement. Second, and most significantly, the sheer fact of doing J ason hurting. It is non Agamemnon? s infidelity that has spawned Clytaemnestra? s hatred for her hubby, but instead? a female parents love for a girl, and a married woman? s finding to revenge that decease by killing her hubby? ( Hamilton 252 ) . Clytaemnestra and Medea both feel that decease is the lone justifiable action for what their hubbies have done. The difference is that Medea does non kill her hubby, alternatively wants him to experience the hurting of the decease that surrounds him. Both Clytaemnestra and Medea use words to put up their victims but they do non transport out the sentences wholly in the same manner. Clytaemnestra largely uses beast force where Medea uses her cognition of toxicant to make the major harm. In the terminal though, Medea does utilize beastly force to kill her kids. One thing is left to inquiry, could Medea hold brought this hurting to Jason without killing her kids? I do non believe so. Jason, seems to be most troubled by the decease of his kids than he does of either Kreon or the princess? decease. Plants Cited Aeschylus. The Oresteia. Agamemnon. Trans. Robert Fagles. Lawall 1: 521- 566. Euripides. Medea. Trans. Rex Warner. Lawall 1: 642? 672. Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Dateless Narratives of Gods and Heros. New York: Warner Books, 1969. Lawall, Sarah and others, explosive detection systems. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. 7th erectile dysfunction. 2 vols. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. , 1999.

Friday, November 29, 2019

The Loss of Faith Essay Sample free essay sample

It is really hard for a immature adolescent to maintain religion in a God during a crisis. This can be really good shown in Elie Wiesel’s fresh Night. This novel is a personal. first individual history of a immature kid. named Eliezer. and his clip in a concentration cantonment with his male parent. It shows how Elie’s religion. one time strong and improbably vivacious. becomes about nil. Be it through the loss of faith one of his wise mans has. or seeing human organic structures burn around you. or seeing a incapacitated immature male child. seeking to acquire air as his organic structure bents from a noose. All picks and determinations. though have a starting point. and Elie’s get downing point was when 1 he looks up. began to lose religion in the Godhead God. Elie used to hold a really strong religion in God. He had such a strong religion that he wanted to analyze the Kabbalah as a adolescent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Loss of Faith Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page but the Kabbalah is meant to be taught at the age of at least 30. He besides prayed to God every twenty-four hours and wanted to be a rabbi when he grew up. This all began to alter. when one of his wise mans. Moishe the Beatle was expelled from Sighet. the town where he lived for being a foreign Jew. After several months. Moishe returned. but he was non the same adult male who he used to be. Harmonizing to Elie. â€Å"Moishe was non the same. The joy in his eyes was gone. He no longer sang. He no longer mentioned either God or Kabbalah. † ( Weisel. 7 ) Though this didn’t straight affect Elie. it began to works a little seed of uncertainty in God. Two old ages after this experience. though. Elie see’s something that causes him to lose about all religion in God. Ellie arrived at Auschwitz in the spring of 1944 after being kept in a hot. crowded. disease- ridden boxcar. Upon his reaching. he could see ash. which looked like snow. and he could smell firing human flesh. Others who were there were stating that the Nazis were firing the Jews and cremating them alive. Elie could non believe it. until they separated him from his female parent and sister whom he neer saw once more. The Nazis so made Elie. his male parent. and other male subsisters walk right past the fires where they were firing people. The Jews began to declaim the Kaddish. or the supplication of the dead. and as one can see. Elie began to lose all religion in God. He thought as his people were declaiming the supplication â€Å"For the first clip. I felt choler lifting within me. Why should I consecrate His name? The Almighty. the ageless and awful Maestro of the Universe. take to be soundless. What is at that place to thank Him for? † ( Weisel. 33 ) Weisel. though. has yet to see one concluding act that begins to do him lose religion in God about wholly. Watching a immature kid dice right before your eyes is a awful thing to witness. Watching a kid panting for his last breath while being hung is a life altering event. Elie saw a immature kid being hung right in forepart of him. The immature kid was associated with some Rebels within Buna. so the Nazi’s. as penalty. and to put an illustration. They hung him and others who broke the regulations. As the smothering kid was hanging on his snare. panting for his last breath. Elie heard a adult male behind him inquiring â€Å" ‘For God’s interest. where is God? ’ And from within me ( Elie ) I heard a voice reply: ‘Where His is? This is where- hanging here from this gallows†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ( 65 ) Elie had come to the decision that God was dead and was powerless against the Nazi’s. Elie has now given up his religion in God. By the clip Elie gets out of the concentration cantonment on April 10th. 1945. he has seen more horrors and suffered more hurting as adolescent than many grownups have their full life. Be it through the loss of his male parent. to the decease of the remainder of his household. to even being beaten and starved to approach decease twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours upon being in the concentration cantonment. Elie’s religion in God is about gone. because he watched a immature kid bent before his eyes. he saw his ain instructor lose complete religion in God. and he even saw people’s organic structures firing before him. Elie had a wholly sensible ground to give up his religion in God. But. he didn’t lose his full religion. By the clip he reached maturity. he became a practicing Jew. Ishmael thanks God for maintaining him alive during his stay at the concentration cantonment during his Nobel Prize credence Speech on December 10. 1986. He said ; â€Å"Words of gratitude. First to our common Creator. This is what the Judaic tradition commands us to make. At particular occasions. one is duty-bound to declaim the undermentioned supplication: ‘Barukuh atah Adonai†¦ shehekhyanu vekiymanu vehiganu lazman hazeh’- Blessed be Thou- for giving us life. for prolonging us. and for enabling us to make this twenty-four hours. † ( 117 )

Monday, November 25, 2019

Mentos Diet Soda Chemical Volcano

Mentos Diet Soda Chemical Volcano Chemical volcanoes are classic projects for science fairs and chemistry demonstrations. The ​Mentos and diet soda volcano is similar to the baking soda volcano, except the eruption is really powerful, capable of producing jets of soda several feet high. Its messy, so you might want to do this project outdoors or in a bathroom. Its also non-toxic, so kids can do this project. This simple  chemical volcano takes a few minutes to set up and erupts for a few seconds What You Need Roll of Mentos candies2-liter bottle of  diet sodaIndex cardTest tube or sheet of paperA mop for cleanup Makingthe Mentos and Soda Erupt First, gather your supplies. You can substitute another candy for the Mentos, such as MMs or Skittles, but ideally, you want candies that stack into a neat column with minimal space between them, have a chalky consistency, and barely fit through the mouth of a 2-liter bottle.Similarly, you could substitute normal soda for diet soda. The project will work just as well, but the resulting eruption will be sticky. Whatever you use, the beverage has to be carbonated!First, you need to stack the candies. The easiest way to do this is to stack them in a test tube narrow enough to form a single column. Otherwise, you can roll a sheet of paper into a tube just barely wide enough for a stack of candies.Place an index card over the opening of the test tube or end of the paper tube to hold the candies in the container. Invert the test tube.Open your full 2-liter bottle of diet soda. The eruption happens very quickly, so set things up: you want the open bottle/index card/roll of candies so that a s soon as you remove the index card, the candies will drop smoothly into the bottle. When youre ready, do it! You can repeat the eruption with the same bottle and another stack of candies. Have fun! How the Mentos and Diet Soda Experiment Works The Diet Coke and Mentos geyser is the result of a physical process rather than a chemical reaction. Theres a lot of carbon dioxide dissolves in the soda, which gives it its fizz. When you drop a Mentos into the soda, tiny bumps on the candy surface give the carbon dioxide molecules a nucleation site or place to stick. As more and more carbon dioxide molecules accumulate, bubbles form. Mentos candies are heavy enough they sink, so they interact with carbon dioxide all the way to the bottom of the container. The bubbles expand as they rise. The partially dissolved candy is sticky enough to trap the gas, forming a foam. Because theres so much pressure, it all happens very quickly. The narrow opening of a soda bottle funnels the foam to make a geyser. If you use a nozzle that makes the opening at the top of the bottle even smaller, the jet of liquid will go even higher. You can also experiment using regular Coke (as opposed to the diet versions) or tonic water (which glows blue under a black light).

Friday, November 22, 2019

Internet-Based Patient Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet-Based Patient Education - Essay Example It is the mandate of the doctors to provide advisory to the patients by discouraging self-diagnosis even at the time that the patent is suffering from a simple illness. This can be done through media campaigns, through workshops, and hospitals, among other forums where patients interact with doctors for free advisory. Through this intervention, the doctors should be able to answer all the questions that arise from the patients. In addition, the patient should be made aware that the use of internet-based knowledge in is inadequate to fully help in diagnosis. Therefore, it should be discouraged by all means.  Another aspect is that the doctor should be at a position of gauging a patient’s level of awareness before treatment. Some medical conditions are psychological, hence depends on the perception of the patient towards the prevailing condition. A patient that has acquired online information about a disease that they have, may provoke them to have a psychological status of a disease that they are not actually suffering from. In essence, the person may become very sickly and unable to understand the state of their condition. Cases of self-diagnosis can also result to uptake of the wrong medicine by a patient. Wrong diagnosis can result from lack of understanding from the patient that different diseases may have some similar symptoms, hence the need for a doctor to do a comprehensive analysis in order to understand the actual condition. When gauging the level of awareness that the patent.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

English 3 literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English 3 literature - Essay Example This proverb has a close resemblance to Franklin’s proverb; a penny saved is a penny earned. The proverb means that if persons refrain from spending the little things they have, their small savings may add up to big things in the future. The proverb is applicable in numerous business situations whereby it emphasizes on the need to save little proceeds to amass a massive capital. Both of these proverbs are emphasizing on the need to save. They discourage unplanned expenditure for little possessions that a person may have, placing in focus the future goals. Expenditure without savings can lead to bankruptcy and eventually poverty. Nevertheless, if a person denies himself or herself a chance to spend today on unnecessary things, he or she may have greater benefits in the future. The proverbs reinforce the understanding that an investment starts with saving. A wise entrepreneur saves the little he or she possesses until there is a substantial capital to start a big

Monday, November 18, 2019

Had I Been White Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Had I Been White - Essay Example Diouna, a young Senegalese woman was working as a laundress for the Pouchet family stationed in Dakar. When the family decided to take a holiday in France, they took Diouna along with them on the mistaken assumption by Diouana that she has been employed as a governess to the children of the couple. The French couple took advantage of the innocence and the lack of literacy of the black girl that made her lose all her hopes and dreams in coming to France. The scheming way of Madame Pouchet in taking Diouna to France was clearly demonstrated in the story. â€Å"In France when she hired a maid not only was the salary higher, but the maid demanded a day off to boot† (770). This was always the dilemma of Madame Pouchet whenever they had their holiday in France. â€Å"She had conceived a plan for her next vacation† (770). Her plan was to hire an African girl because she knew that â€Å"for three thousand francs a month, any young African girl would have followed her to the en d of the earth† (770). Madame Pouchet was set to put up her plan to success by praising the beauty of living in France and by showering Diouana with things such as old clothes and shoes that she knows would be of great necessity on the impoverished condition of Diouana and her family. Diouana fantasizes France as the land where her hope of becoming rich will come true. All she could think of was the â€Å"beauty, richness, and the joy of living† (770) in France. For Diouana getting rich would mean the â€Å"freedom to go where she wished, without having to work like a beast of burden† (770). This was the set of mind of Diouana that even an advice from Tive Correa, an old sailor who spent twenty years of his life in France, â€Å"For Diouana, he predicted nothing but misfortune† (772), was not given any consideration or thought. The youth should listen to the wisdom of experience of the old generation because they have been exposed to the realities of life and they are no longer blinded by their dreams. The courage of Tive Correa to counter the defense of Monsiuer Pouchet: â€Å"Certainly. What young African doesn’t dream of going to France?† (772) when the former announced that they did not force Diouana to come with them, was a manifestation of how knowledgeable he was on the real life of the Africans far from their native land. Diouana should have been more sensible when Tive Correa related how young Africans â€Å"confuse living in France with being a servant in France† (772). It should have been an eye opener for Diouna when Tive Correa relates that in Casamance, â€Å"we say that the darkness pursues the butterfly† (772) and not â€Å"the light attracts the butterfly† (772). Realization on her real life in France dawned upon Diouana: â€Å"Sold, sold. Bought, bought. They’ve bought me. For three thousand francs I do all this work. They lured me, tied me to them, and I’m stuck her e like a slave† (775). There is nothing more crushing to the spirit of one who is dreaming of a good life than knowing that he was deceived. Deceived up to the extent of losing one’s identity – â€Å"The neighbors would say: ‘It’s the Pouchets’ black girl . . .’ She wasn’t ‘the African girl’ in her own right, but theirs. And that hurt† (775). It was a very sad state for a person to feel so alone, far from the family who would protect and love and feeling that all hopes are shattered. These conditions usually lead to self-incrimination and will lead to getting angry with oneself and blaming yourself for all the misfortunes. â€Å"Her ignorance made her mute. It was infuriating.†(775). The deception of Madame Pouchet was unmasked by Diouana and she detest being lured by her employers. Madame Pouchet’

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Impact of FDI on European Economic Development

Impact of FDI on European Economic Development INTRODUCTION The functioning of a market economy under the conditions required by efficiency demands important financial resources, whose allocation must be directed to those areas which in their turn can generate value added and resume the active process of creating added value. If for a company the investment are realised mainly from classical sources, respectively the depreciation fund, profit or issuance of new shares, but with the risk of the dispersion of the proprietary right on business, to which we can add the financing of bank loans, a fairly expensive solution for a company in search of activity diversification. Based on these considerations, the need to review the role and function of investment funds and FDI in the economy, in the reorientation and begining of the investment process is one of utmost importance. Considering the last events that marked the world economy, from which the foreign investment funds, be they even FDI, to which we can add the stock innovation were among the main determinants of the process of translating the investment flows. Though investment funds in the conventional, manifesting as traditional investors, with a pronounced classical character, buying or selling financial instruments, stocks, bonds or other financial instruments or developing new production capacities, in their action they determine a significant impact on the economic activity outlining some features of the economic environment within which they occur. For countries like Romania, for example, or Serbia, this process is actual, but difficult to achieve because it needed more than financial resources. From this point of view Inadequate progress in second-generation reforms provides explanation in variation of FDI inflows. A number of empirical studies focusing on transition economies have corroborated this finding. Garibaldi et al. (2002) have shown, that the quality of institutions explains the variation in FDI flows to transition economies. [1, p.11] The sustenable economic development requires the existence of a set of tools and specific mechanisms through which the financial resources necessary to achieve this goal must be mobilized but especially they must contribute to an efficient redistribution of financial resources in the process of social breeding. The only one able to achieve this requirements are the investments, which succeed through mobilizing the available capital to restart the complex process of production of plusvalue. Directing the financial resources, in the economic policy, to those economic objectives able to develop in their turn a growth of the rate of employment of labor requires a new governance in terms of investments, whose key source should be profit, fund depreciation or GDP, at the economic level. As known, sometimes financial resources available to the national economy are not sufficient to promote massive actions, attracting new finance being required, in addition to foreign capital markets. These completion investments, although they are not quite common in many of the emerging countries, they use them. On the other hand we are witnessing independent investment flows, directed either to initiating new production capacity or upgrading existing ones, promoted by global financial players that make up the foreign investment flows. As it is stated in one of the european documents The fact that the market has failed in the financial sector does not mean that it does not work at all, but points out the need to avoid, namely to correct the wrong market developments, through legislative measures and of targeted surveillance. Therefore, the new policy must be built on the foundation of a market economy, which stimulates and rewards their initiatives and risk taking. [10, pct.3.4]. So the financial resources attracted through foreign investments should be targeted at those areas that present a high reproductive capacity, either by the recognized degree of generating profits or by the significant beneficial efects that they have on the workforce. FDI should ensure a high degree of efficiency, both for the investor who chooses to invest and must be rewarded by high rates of profit, and for the country within which is achieved by increasing the resources mobilized through tax mechanisms, the state budget, and the remune ration for labor involved in achieving the resulting business. Literature review The analysis of the role of FDI in the economy was made in a number of important studies. From these we mention (Serbu, 2006) which claims that promoting FDI is not always in favor of countries that receive these flows, analyzed at least in terms of qualification of employment and not contribute to economic growth, so the role of FDI is questioned. On the other hand ÃÆ'–ZTÃÆ'Å“RK, Ilhan (2007) argues the opposite, namely that the role of FDI in economic growth is major and decisive, which is achieved through multiple channels such as gross capital formation, technology transfer and effects on human capital. In another study[6], Ben Ferretti (2004) explores the relationship between FDI and productivity growth and concludes, after making a brief analysis of the theoretical models, in terms of game-theoretical models, that this is determined by the spatiality and the intensity of FDI flows on economy and economic agents in particular [4]. The same ideas has Damjan Joze et al l (2003) which explores the role of accumulation of FDI and R D on technology transfer and their effect on economies in transition [3] or Hunya, Gabor (2002) which analyzes economic restructuring phenomena from FDI perspectives on manufacturing industry.[5] The analysis Market Integration from Foreign Direct Investment intensity perspective Foreign direct investments consist of significant vectors in achieving economic and social objectives, in the context of diversification of society needs in satisfying the goals promoted at the macroeconomic level. The need for financial resources is an ever growing from year to year and the financial resources attracted from the foreign capital market is a solution to achieve these goals. From this perspective each states ability to attract these resources depends to a very high measure on the degree of integration of national markets in the total investment flows but also on the degree of atraction of each state. In this context the analysis of foreign direct investment in the community economy is of special importance. Referring to GDP make these data to show a high relevance through removing the national economies dimension outlined by each state. These data are presented in the table below. As seen from the data presented above, there is a syncopated evolution of investment flows, both in integrated economies in the economic space, but also for those who want integration (Croatia and Turkey) and especially the most developed economies (USA and Japan). At the EU level we can see an increase in the intensity of FDI during 2004-2007, from 0.9 in 2004 to 3.8 in 2007, meaning an increase of 4.2 times. This growth rate was a syncopated one which means that the european economy has been trained in the massive wave of investment and capital flows with relatively high degree of risk, which resulted that since 2008 this indicator decreased by 1.7 times compared to last year. In the case of member countries we can see a different evolution. If in the case of the last two countries that joined the EU in 2007 we may find a slight improvement, as is the case of Romania, this indicator increased from 3% to 3.5%, a low level compared to 2006 when this indicator recorded 4.8% when the interest of foreign investors was much higher than the economy, or maybe they were just strengthening their investment positions by purchasing generators of economic value added or Bulgaria, which after membership is growing at 12.6% in 2006 to 15.2% in 2007, the next year it registers a 10.3 drop. This situation can result from the inability to pay on which is encumbered the whole bulgarian economy. For the european countries which were old members, this indicator presents a high volatility. After register significant levels of 6.7% as in the case of Germany in 2000 it reaches in 2008 at a value of only 2.4%. Such is the case of France which in 2000 recorded 8.2% and eight years later only 5.2%. These developments are mainly due to the shaken european economic environment, where the investors are orienting and reorienting the capitals according to high profit rates than to business stability. For Serbia, a non-EU country assets owned by foreign entities in Serbia are growing in nominal values. But if we look at share of foreign owned assets in total financial institutions, we may observe that there has been a decrease of 0.2% from 84.3% to 84.1%, despite the entry of 13 new fully foreign owned institutions during the analyzed period. This confirms that financial institutions owned by domestic entities are operating even better than the foreign owned ones. Since we know that before the restructuring of the financial sector in Serbia most banks and insurance companies have operated with significant loss, we may conclude that that remaining domestic owned institution have significantly changed their business culture.[8] Regarding the U.S., the evolution of this indicator for 2000-2006, reflects the difficult moments that this countrys economy has passed. If in 2005 this indicator recorded the lowest level of the period analysed, of only 0.3% (more than up to 5 times compared to 2001), one year later to grow by 500%, due to the trust granted in the economic development through FDI. For the Japanese economy the evolution of this indicator is ranging at around 0.4-0.5%, which means the sustainability of investments supported through these instruments, especially the economy of this country design was based more on capital exports to third countries than absorption of this type of capital in its economy. But 2007 brings a doubling of the level of this indicator actually marking the shift towards exporting the capital investment to emerging economies, in particular. In one of the UNCTAD documents it is shown that The ISD explosion in some developing economies in transition reflects the growing competitiveness of many firms in these economies. The evolution of ISD in some countries was partialy feed by the income from exports of manufactured goods and natural resources, which have increased the financial strength necessary to engage in investment from abroad. Perhaps most important is that the firms in these economies have been increasingly affected by global competition. They came to understand how important it is the entering on international markets and connect to global production systems and knowledge networks. Therefore, their view of the business was internationalized and ambitions and their concerns are more regional or global. .[9]. Over time many countries have became sources of financing through FDI as a solution generating of resources or partners to enhance or start some income-generating activities. The stock of FDI is an important element in the analysis of investment flows in the european economy against the background of increased interdependencies among these economies. In the table nr.2 is presented the FDI stock in some european countries but also for the two biggest economies of the world USA, respectively Japan. If we consider the definition of FDI stocks in the acceptance of UNCTAD these are presented at book value or historical cost, reflecting prices at the time when the investment was made. For a large number of economies, FDI stocks are estimated by either cumulating FDI flows over a period of time or adding flows to an FDI stock that has been obtained for a particular year from national official sources or the IMF data series on assets and liabilities of direct investment [8] From this perspective we can see an increase in direct investment stocks both at EU-27 level over the period 2004-2008, from 15.2% share in GDP from 19.4% share in GDP in 2008. This situation of growth can be observed in the case of Japan but with values much more reduced. If in 2000 in the case of Japan these represented only 1.1% in GDP, seven years later this share was 2.9% in GDP, an increase double to the reference year. This can not be saidin the case of the U.S., where direct investment stocks have a fluctuant evolution. Against this background is noted that The convergence of corporate governance models, combined with ICT development, with an increasing activism manifested by the institutional investors and their reference measure regarding the profitability, all these put the large companies in a position to maximize with any price the profitability (dividends and capital gains) of shares held by them. Considerations on the ability to generate future cash flows as well as the nature of partnership highlighted by the european social model were left on the second level. [11] In most developed economies of the EU-27, namely Germany, France and UK we see during the long analysed period significant growth which means that investments made in this period were so well-consolidated that they increased their value through engaging in activities with value added to high. In the case of the last two states that joined EU in 2007 the situation is quite different. If for Bulgaria since 2007 we saw some increase from 92.9% share in GDP to 96.5% in GDP in 2008, to Romania it means a return to pre-integration values (2006) respectively 35 , 3% share in GDP. Analyzing the situation of direct investment stocks we observe, analysing economy as a whole, with few exceptions, an increase of this indicators value. The causes may be diverse but reflect the economic situation conducive to the development for the period analyzed. In this context the situation intra-EU direct investment reported by EU member states provide an integrative picture on the amplitude of this phenomenon. Each economy is closely linked, interdependencies manifesting deeply both at macroeocnomic level but especially at the micro level, where FDI contributes to strengthening the business relations and the transfer of knowledge and technology. The level of investments made in each national economy and the member states within the EU economic space reflects the importance of this type and level of investment for mobilizing financial resources for economic exploitation. In Serbia FDI in the previous decade has reached US$ 17 billion, which was sufficient to boost the economic activity. Highest investments were in the financial sector, accounting to over US$ 5 billion. This sector which was characterized by low capitalization and weak profitability in the past has due to foreign capital become sector with very high growth rate. The influence of foreign capital to Serbian financial sector was twofold.[8] Evolution is presented in Table 3 Intra-EU direct investment reported by EU Member States, Financial account, Direct investment, in there porting economy for the period 2001-2008. Investment flows that occurred outside the community space have reflected the strength of economic ties with other states that benefit from this transfer of resources. Knowing that they represent over 10% in the company capital or voting rights we see the interes in promoting and acquiring production capacity with significant economic impact. If in the period 2005-2007 we saw a growth of FDI flows within the community space, the year 2008 brings a reduction in these flows, below those of 2002. The investment relations generated by FDI at community level enhance the process of interdependence of community economies, especially that for the old member states like Germany, France, UK, the flows registered massive drops, especially as they represented exporters of financial resources for the transition and emerging economies. In terms of FDI flows, at least for Romania, as an example of an economy new entrant in the community economic space, in the year 2008, according to BNR data there were 9.496 billion euros, mostly oriented towards economic objectives that have been designed for the privatization process as well as for the initiation of new economic objectives like car production capacity at Pitesti or mobile phones in Cluj-Napoca. So in this context, Net participations of the direct foreign investors to the social capita l of foreign direct investment enterprises in Romania amounting to 4.873 billion euros (51.3% of the net flow of ISD). These resulted from the reducing of the participations worth 5.265 billion euros with a net loss, amounting to 392 million euros. The net loss resulted from the decrease in net profit of foreign direct investment enterprises in 2008, worth 6.412 billion euros, with 2.696 billion euros in dividends distributed in 2008 and with foreign direct investment enterprises losses in 2008 amounting to 4.108 billion euros. [12] Opening economies and accepting a high degree of penetration of FDI flows made possible the development of economic sectors, which until yesterday were doomed to decay due to the rising need for capital. Revitalization of these sectors able to generate profits at the expense of FDI has contributed to diversification but generating added value and growth and diversification of portfolio risk. At the end, we may say that quality of operations of Serbian financial institutions is growing, that assets values are rapidly increasing, and that all companies, regardless weather it is domestic or foreign owned are equally profitable. It is certain that this sector is ready to become core of Serbian economy, and a boost for increased FDI in the second stage of transition.[] Regarding the other component, namely The net credit received by firms with foreign direct investment from the foreign direct investors included in the group, amounting to 4.623 billion euros, representing 48.7% of net flow of ISD.[12] This situation defines the degree of atractability for foreign investors that the economy shows, especially because of some factors that accentuate their competitivity degree like very cheap labor force and highly qualified but also the strategic position that this economy has in the community space. The following table gives an overview of direct investment flows as% of GDP, made by the member states of EU. In this context we can see that the community space was an important source of investment for emergent countries in particular. They have targeted primarily the purchase of economic objectives or develop new ones. FDI is an instrument to achieve economic potential. In this context, according to numerous research carried out, it is considered that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾A very large number of foreign firms combined with relatively business friendly environment may explain uniqueness of Romania in terms of the existence of very significant knowledge spillovers to domestic firms, as an econometric study of CEEC-8 (excluding Latvia and Lithuania) has shown. Finally yet importantly, the share of FDI in total capital formation together with the length of a period offers some insights as to their relative weight in the economy. The average share of FDI in Gross Domestic Investment of around 20% in the 1997-01 period suggests a significant presence of foreign firms. With around one-fifth of domestic investment carried out by foreign firms, the associated influx of management skills and technology has already had a beneficial effect on the entire economy. [1, p.15] Conclusions As we have seen FDI is an essential component in the economic development, thus creating a proper environment to achieve this point is an object of profound significance for each economy separately. FDI directs the necessary financial funds to those areas that can generate high VAB, implicitly identifying those economic areas with high potential. We must accept however that the promotion of FDI absorption brings some risks, the investor can always choose to leave the country, giving away his investment. The analysis made at the level of the community space, reveals the fact that FDI represented fundamental economic levers to promote economic growth, especially for those countries that joined the EU in the second wave. Massive transformations that have taken place in the community economy had an impact on the flows of FDI. Through FDI, capital was aimed at those companies able to carry on business profit activities, often engaging with themselves a technological transfer contributing to sustenable development as a whole.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Raising Children in Live, Love and Dance by D.H. Lawrence :: essays research papers

People make the statement that they are living life to the fullest but what do they really mean? D.H. Lawrence states that life is magnificent during the here and now. He also infers that our flesh is ours but not forever and we should enjoy it with emotional and spiritual ecstasy. While all of this is true, one should take responsibilities very seriously in rearing children, tend to their physical state to insure health and still take time to stop and smell the flowers. Although child rearing can bring about a dance it also requires serious responsibility. Most children will move and wiggle to any rhythm. They live for a pattern and enjoyment and it is the parent’s duty to give them both. Kids of all ages need guidance of a parent for school studies, relationships and the ways of the world. At the same time a parent is fulfilling their obligations they must take time to play dress up, throw the baseball, bake cookies and enjoy the time they have with their children. Just as nature grows so do children and in a flash they are ready to leave the nest to embark on their own lives. In addition to rearing responsibilities one should care for their physical being also. Mr. Lawrence voices that our flesh is ours but only for a time and he is correct. Humans are not immortal and just as a flower wilts and dies so do they. Many people invest in money, property and items of monetary value when they should invest in their bodies. Protecting the skin from the sun, not smoking, not drinking and eating properly are all ways of extending the physical well being of one’s life. After all, a dance is not as sweet and taking pleasure in the world is not as fulfilling if sickness interferes. In addition to health, children and all the to-do’s in life it is important to sit back and take in one’s surroundings. People in today’s world live for their employment and never take in the natural beauties that surround them. Pondering on the wonders of the world such as the beautiful sun that rises and sets softens the soul. Enjoying a long walk on the beach with a gentle breeze crossing a cheek and the soft touch of the sand on one’s feet should be a mandatory requirement of life.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Overhead allocation methods

In manufacturing costs are incurred, these costs represents the cost of production that will be used in determining the price that will be charged by the company to make profit or to breakeven. There are two forms of costs Direct and indirect costs. Before one attempts to charge costs to cost centre or cost units it is important to consider why costs are incurred. Direct costs are costs that are traceable to a specific production center, service, products or department. Raw materials will be direct cost as regards the finished product, and a time clerk’s wages are a direct cost for a particular department.indirect cost is one which arise during the course of operations of the business but it is very difficult to attribute it specifically to a single unit. For example rates paid to a local authority is an expense which benefits a number of cost centre’s, and the time clerk’s wages referred to above would be an example of an indirect (wages) cost of the units produ ced by his department. Overhead allocation methods Direct costs normally present little difficulty in being allocated to cost units; materials requisitions and workers’ time-sheets will give sufficient indication of where the costs are to be changed.With indirect costs, however, whole items of costs may need to be divided between various cost centers and accumulated cost centre costs will then be allotted to costs units. These costs will first be classified according to function, i. e. production, general administration, marketing, research and development between functions. Each particular cost centre will then be allotted with its own costs and a cost centre total obtained. While apportioning indirect variable overhead to various production units or cost centers, cost and management accountants have many methods to use.One of the methods that is used is traditional methods and they give distorted costs where at times customers may be charged high prices due to over allocati on of the productions costs. They include method of allocating costs using direct labor, direct machine hours ,volume produced and other many other methods in most instances they give wrong results which at times may undervalue or overvalue produced units which may cause the firm to make less profits or abnormal profits from some units. It may also if they over value the produced product cause customers to shy away from the company.Therefore, the method used in apportionment of overhead used should be accurate in order to give the firm good profitability at the same time maintain the customers by charging them the right price. In order to overcome the shortcoming of the traditional method of cost allocation modern methods are used. One of the methods that assist in overhead allocation with minimal shortcomings is costs is activity based costing. Activity based costing reduces the shortcomings by focusing on individual activities as the fundamental cost objects in allocation of costs . An activity is defined as an event, task, or unit of work with a specified purpose; e.g. designing products, setting up machines, operating machines, and distributing products. This method uses costs of each activity and assigns this costs to costs units such as products or services as per the activities incurred while producing those units. Activity based costing focuses on individual costs, refining the assignment of indirect costs to departments, processes, products, and other cost objects that are to certain organization. To identify these activities, the company may organize a team from design, manufacturing, distribution, accounting and administration or in various production units such as product A, B, C, D and so on.This method uses the following producers in identifying the activities:- 1. Direct cost tracing – a feature of Activity based costing systems is aiming to indentify some costs or cost by subdividing existing cost pools. Costs in some new pools may qualif y as direct costs. Direct tracing of costs improves cost accuracy and is simpler because, unlike indirect costs, cost pool and allocation bases do not have to be identified. 2. Indirect cost pools- Activity based costing systems create smaller cost pools linked to the different activities. 3.The apportionment bases-activity of each cost pool is used to measure not the direct labor as the traditional method for the apportionment of indirect overhead. The level of activity therefore is an economic factor which affects the calculation of the unit costs of output produced. Since fixed and overhead costs remain constant as output fluctuates, the greater the output, the lower will be the fixed overhead cost per unit. This problem does not affect the variable overhead rate; variable costs per unit remain constant at all levels of activity, assuming always that prices remain stable.For management decision –making based on full unit costs, however, the level of activity is an importan t ingredient which must be taken into account when providing relevant information for such decisions. Based on an activity based costing allocation method of the overhead costs, each of the activity that goes into the product is computed its own overhead rate based on that activity’s driver which is the activity charge/unit. Given this overhead rate, the total overhead cost allocated to the production of the original version other system i. e. other than the overhead allocated using the direct labor hours method.From the foregoing discussion activity based costing approach method identifies activities and Cost centers that allocations with which costs may conveniently be associated for the purpose of product costing. Basically, there are two types of cost centers for which cost are accumulated – production and service cost centers. Production cost centers are those actually involved in production, such as machining and assembling departments. Service cost centers are t hose which exist to facilitate production, for example, maintenance, stores and canteen.The first stage in the allotment of the factory overheads costs to production costs centers is o collect and classifies factory overhead costs to production and service cost centers. Then it is apportioned the costs of the services cost centers to the production cost centers. If I assume that a firm has three service cost centers and two production cost centers, the apportionment of the service cost center costs involves selecting appropriate methods for apportioning these costs to the production cost centers. The accounting system of resource allocation am familiar with is activity based coating.Activity based accounting system is an accounting system that is used in resource allocation to various activities in multinational manufacturing firms and is yet to adopted by small firms. The allocation of total general overhead by this system is allocated based on direct labor hours and machine hours in my organization. The activities of production for the company are allocated the total overhead using calculated overhead rates per hour of machine and labour. Then the figure obtained is multiplied per the number of hours each activity is using. The Labour and machine hours are taken as cost drivers for each activity.This method has assisted the company reduce customer complains of over charging in prices. Activity based costing system of accounting considers a number of activities that takes place in various production units. It is considered the best method of allocating overhead within production unit. In my organization direct cost are those cost which are directly and easily costs that are attributable to production and indirect costs are those costs which arise during the existence of the business as whole. Indirect cost can not be attributed to any production unit it is only distributed various production units based on activity based system.The underlying principles, conv entions and objects of this method similar to other methods, but the application of those principle and the methods by which the objects are to be achieved must vary with circumstances. This does not mean, however, that the processes and procedures of a business must remain unaffected by the introduction of a system of cost accounts. This method of costing influences price because they affect supply. The lower the cost of producing a product relative to the price customers pays for it, the greater the quantity of a product the company is willing to supply.Managers who understand the cost of producing their companies’ products set prices that make the products attractive to customers while maximizing their companies’ operating incomes. In computing the relevant costs for a pricing decision the manager must consider relevant costs in all value. This method is also used in assessing the performance of manager responsible for running production units independently. The bes t criteria according to my view are the one without the allocation of indirect costs. This is because of manager should be held responsible for the costs that is under their direct control.They are free to make decisions that could increase or decrease the cost of operation of a unit. The efficiency and effectiveness of a manager should be judged from his ability to generate maximum revenue from operation and to keep the cost associated with this revenue at a minimum level. This will present a clearer picture to evaluate the performance of a manager of a unit. Although each unit produce certain amount of indirect costs but these cannot be directly attributed to the unit from which it had originated.So the company devised a formula of allocating this cost to each unit based on unit’s revenue producing capability. However as said earlier, there is no set criterion to allocate indirect cost to different units and it varies from business to business. This allocation of indirect c osts is discretionary and could create distortion in evaluating the performance of a manager. So in order to help manager accountable for results they are evaluated on the basis of operation under their direct control. Activity based costing considers a number of activities that takes place to allocate different types of costs unlike other methods.Activity based costing method is considered the best way in overhead allocation and allotment within production units. It considers a variety of activities and it gives a more accurate answer as compared to other methods of allocation. Case Study It is the policy of Dealogic, LLC to give their managers a high level of independence to make decisions for which they are held accountable for the results. That means they are free to run their units as they like. They are responsible to generate maximum revenue from unit under their command and to restrict cost incurred during the year.There are two type of costs generated at each unit. 1) Direc t costs ( Traceable consulting costs) 2) Indirect costs (Non-Traceable consulting costs) Direct costs in this case is that cost which can be directly and easily attributed to revenue generating operations of the business and indirect cost is one which arise during the course of operations of the business but it is very difficult to attribute it specifically to a single unit. So whole of the indirect costs from all the units are combined and then allocated a fair portion of this cost to each unit based on some criteria.In case of Dealogic, LLC, this criterion is based on revenue generation from each unit and indirect cost is then allocated to each unit depending upon the amount of revenue generated from each unit. This criterion varies from business to business. But the purpose is to allocate this indirect cost based on a criteria that has some direct relationship with this indirect costs. Conclusion The choice of one particular overhead rate as against the others may substantially a ffect the amount of overhead costs apportioned to a unit of product.Consequently, variations in full- product costs may result simply from the manner in which the overhead rate is selected. The rate to use depends on the particular circumstances facing the firm. The ‘direct labor cost, base is easy to use since the necessary information is usually readily available. There may be no relationship, however between direct labor costs and overhead costs; indeed, most factory overhead costs are incurred on a time basis and are not related to the labor payroll. However Activity based Accounting is the most appropriate has it allocates accurately than the other methods. ReferencesAtril, P. F. and McLaney, E. J. (2002). Management accounting for non-specialists, 3rd edn (financial times prentice Hall) pp. 102-108 Drury C; (2000); Management and cost Accounting;5th edition ,business press Thomson Learning78-85 Horngren, C. T. , Bhiman A. , foster G. , and Datar, S. M. (1999). Cost accou ntin: A managerial Emphasis, (prentice Hall Europe) pp. 135-160 Larson D, Kermit, Wild, J. john & Chippetta Barbara;(1996); fundamentals of accounting principle; London; Irwin. Wald J (2000) Biggs’s Cost accounting; The English Language Book Society and MacDonald and Evans Ltd London & Plymouth pp 98-136

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Cadbury Case Study

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING (BHO1171) – Sem 2, 2012 Individual Case Study (15%) Due Date: Week 7 (29/8/2012, Wednesday 5pm) Students will be evaluated on how well they analyze the case study by applying the right theories and concepts. The case topic is â€Å"Chocolate consumers feel guilty for the wrong reasons†. At the end of the case study, there are a number of questions in which students need to find answers and justifications. Students need to write a formal business report with a length of 2000 words using 12 pt fonts and 1. 5 spacing.The report must be handed in Week 7 (refer to the due date stated above). Please do not only focus on the article and the texts in getting the answers. Students are advised to refer to at least four (4) academic journals, with additions of materials from newspapers, magazines and Internet websites in analyzing and interpreting the case study questions. They need to acknowledge any borrowed citations or any information under reference lists by using Harvard Referencing System (Please refer to Communication Skills Handbook). Your report must be submitted to Turnitin and cleared.The allowable percentage of match is 25%. Upon uploading, please exclude the table of content, reference and bibliography lists. Do not forget to  attach together the first page of the Turnitin digital receipt on top of the hardcopy of your assignment. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE YOUR ANSWERS AND REFERENCES WITH YOUR FRIENDS. ASSIGNMENTS WITH HIGH PERCENTAGE OF MATCH (BASED ON TURNITIN REPORT) WILL BE PENALIZED! Sample of a Business Report (with word limits as an approximate guide for each section) Declaration Form† Cover Page (can be downloaded from ELearn) Turnitin digital receipt (first page)Cover Page †¢ Report Title: Individual Case Study – â€Å"Chocolate consumers feel guilty for the wrong reasons† †¢ Prepared for: Name of Lecturer & Tutor Victoria University †¢ Prepared/Written by:Student Name VU ID No. †¢ Date of Submission: †¢ Tutorial Group: Executive Summary †¢ Inclusive of the:Introduction of the report Content of the report Conclusion and recommendations of the report †¢ Should be written only after analysis is completed. †¢ Do not repeat by using the same sentences and words as the ones used in the report. †¢ Must spell out and explain the summary instead of just â€Å"out-lining† it. Should not be exceeding one page length and paragraphing is encouraged. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count = 300 – 400 Table of Contents †¢ Titles and subtitles †¢ Page numbers †¢ Appendices (if attached) †¢ Must be typed and not handwritten 1. 0 Introduction (Must include these four main components) †¢ Purpose of writing the report †¢ Short summary of the case study †¢ Relevant marketing theory definition and explanation (Briefly) †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =300 – 400 (Make use o f paragraphs) 2. 0 Problems/issues Identification 3. 0 Analysis †¢ No Assumptions and No own opinions!Only proven facts will be accepted. Every statement made must be referenced and listed under bibliography page and reference list. †¢ Do not use â€Å"I†, â€Å"We† when writing reports. Do not personalize the report but instead use third party language. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =500 – 600 4. 0 Recommendations/Choices of solutions †¢ List the courses of action, which, the writer, think, is the most appropriate to the firm †¢ Be specific and not general in giving suggestions. †¢ Must be related to the facts mentioned in the case study article. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =400 . 0 Conclusion †¢ Brief presentation of the major findings that have been discovered within the content of the report. (Do not repeat the things you have mentioned in the content because a summary IS NOT a conclusion! ) â⠂¬ ¢ Guide – Approximate word count =200 List of References †¢ The reference list at the end of the report should be alphabetically ordered. †¢ You are required to refer to at least 4 academic journal articles and also to some numbers of texts, magazine/newspaper articles and websites. (Please refer to the Communication Skills Handbook on how to write referencing)IMPORTANT NOTE! YOU CAN ONLY USE THE ACADEMIC JOURNALS, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM DATABASES LIKE EBSCOHOST, EMERALD AND ETC. PLEASE REFER TO THE REFERENCE LIBRARIAN FOR FURTHER DETAILS. YOU CANNOT SEARCH FOR THESE MATERIALS USING WIKIPEDIA, GOOGLE OR YAHOO SEARCH. Appendices (optional) †¢ Should be kept at minimum †¢ If it is so detailed and long, put it into the content of report †¢ Give each appendix a number and a title and enter it into the Table of Contents †¢ Do not put in any of the journal articles that you have used for your report Note: 1.Students are to write using formal, bu siness-like tone for this report. This means there should be no usage of â€Å"I†, â€Å"We†, and â€Å"You† in this report. 2. They are also encouraged to write clear and concise expression of English language. 3. There should be a logical flow of sequence. 4. The report should also be free from excessive spelling and grammatical errors. Hence, before submission, proofreading must be done. 5. Please also write the word count at the end of the report (after the conclusion section). INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING (BHO 1171) Individual Case Study (15%) Marking Sheet Semester 2, 2012 CRITERION |Very Good |Good |Satisfactory (met min. |Inadequate |Not addressed / Weak |Mark | | | | |requirements) | | | | |Introduction and |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen has |The ssue/problem is not |/2 | |problem/issue identification |appropriate and is clearly stated in|appropriate with elaboration |appropr iate |limited relevance |identified | | |(2%) |the assignment with justification | | | | | | |Problem analysis and | |Can analyse a range of |Can evaluate the reliability of |Can analyse a limited range of |Fails to analyse information. /5 | |justification (5%) |Can critically review evidence and |information, select appropriate|information using defined |information. Limited & only |Fails to evaluate or use | | | |analyse situations using a wide |techniques of evaluation. |techniques. Has given a factual |partially accurate evaluation of |techniques of evaluation, or | | | |range of techniques appropriate to |Appropriate issue/problem is |&/or conceptual knowledge base |information using defined |evaluations are totally invalid | | | |the topic.Thorough explanation of |explained and analysed | |techniques | | | | |the chosen issue/problem and is well| | | | | | | |analysed | | | | | | |Formulation of alternatives |Recommendations with reliability, |Clearly explained |Relevant recom mendations made |Vague recommendations, limited |No recommendations or are |/3 | |or possible solutions and |validity & significance |recommendations which relate | |solutions |obscured by poor mechanics | | |recommendations (3%) | |closely to the case | | | | | | |Fluent writing style appropriate to |Language fluent. Grammar & |Language mainly fluent. Grammar &|Meaning apparent, but language |Meaning unclear &/or grammar |/2 | |English expression |document. Grammar & spelling |spelling accurate |spelling mainly accurate |not always fluent.Grammar &/or |&/or spelling contain frequent | | |(sentence/paragraph |accurate | | |spelling contain errors |errors | | |construction, spelling, | | | | | | | |grammar and punctuation) (2%)| | | | | | | |Use of relevant references | |Demonstrates wide range of |Uses some appropriate literature |Uses only very limited |Fails to use relevant literature|/3 | |and referencing in written |Demonstrates wide range of reading |reading from a variety of | material in the assignment. |appropriate literature material |material in the assignment. | | |report (3%) |including from academic peer |credible sources. Referencing |Referencing is mainly accurate. |in the assignment. Some attempt |Referencing is absent/ | | | |reviewed journals in the appropriate|is mainly accurate | |at referencing. unsystematic | | | |area. Referencing is consistently | | | | | | | |accurate both within & at end of | | | | | | | |document | | | | | | ———————– TOTAL: /15

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Kanzi a bonobo ape Essays

Kanzi a bonobo ape Essays Kanzi a bonobo ape Essay Kanzi a bonobo ape Essay Worlds are the lone species that has evolved an advanced system of communicating between persons. Whereas other species communicate through ritualized and repetitive vocals, calls, or gestures, worlds have developed lingual systems that can show a literally infinite assortment of separate and distinguishable ideas both vocally every bit good as written. This unbelievable evolutionary spring is what distinguished worlds from all other beings on Earth. But it ca nt, nevertheless, go unmentioned the unbelievable communicating systems animate beings, more specifically Primatess have created. Animals are among us in many forms and sizes, with many different communicative abilities. Whether it is calls, oinks, gestures or copulating calls, these communicating tools are merely understood by members of the same species ; we can analyse these communicating tools through lingual ethology, as mentioned in talks by utilizing a comparative attack is good because it sets a criterion by which commu nicating systems can be evaluated. Throughout this class of survey, the construct of linguistic communication as the separation between animate beings and worlds has prevailed. We as worlds can both bring forth and grok communicating through linguistic communication, where the inquiry arises on how well animate beings can make this. Further, as we have seen in readings and other beginnings, many claim that it is done linguistic communication that our consciousness and cognitive accomplishments are developed. While most consider animate beings to be animals of wont, I plan to take a different mentality on this ; that is to see how pygmy chimpanzee, more specifically Kanzi, a pygmy chimpanzee ape acquired lingual competence.Kanzi was a pygmy chimpanzee who did this after attach toing hisfemale parentto Sessionss where she was taught linguistic communication through keyboardlexigrams, but showed small involvement in the lessons. It was a great surprise to research workers so when o ne twenty-four hours, while Matata was off, Kanzi began aptly utilizing the lexigrams, going non merely the first ascertained ape to hold learned facets of linguistic communication naturalistically instead than through direct preparation, but besides the first observed pygmy chimpanzee to look to utilize some elements of linguistic communication at all.With all that set in head, I plan to farther look into the claims about Kanzi s lingual abilities from a research position and distinguish between Kanzi s Language production and comprehension public presentation. By looking at factors such as environment, behavior and attitude, I hope to convey together all of my research, ideas and critical reappraisals on great ape linguistic communication. Language is a manner for worlds to pass on and bring forth ideas, emotions and reactions to merely about everything in day-to-day modus operandis. However, while linguistic communication is an plus which enables people to gestate their universe, it is by no means a necessity. This is demonstrated by the ability of physically handicapped individuals ( e.g. , the deaf ) and mentally disabled individuals ( e.g. , victims of intellectual paralysis ) to pass on utilizing symbols. Symbols are a alone tool, a manner for non merely handicapped individuals to use but besides other species, such as Primatess. Lexigrams which are â€Å"arbitrary symbols that represent a word are used with Researchers and pygmy chimpanzees to pass on with three computer-monitored lexigrams panels incorporating 384 symbols and words. Similar keyboards have helped kids and grownups with linguistic communication deficits† ( SOURCE ) .Though the symbols are non ocular representations of the existent word bein g used, it is still a manner of exemplifying comprehension between worlds and pygmy chimpanzees that are able to get lingual competence. Kanzi developed this acquisition really early in his old ages merely by exposure to the lexigrams system. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi s trainer beganby distinguishing linguistic communication production from comprehension, underscoring that the important precursor of linguistic communication competency is the apprehension of non spoken referential symbols. She focused on the significance that the apes derived from words instead than how they produced them. Savage-Rumbaugh saw comprehension as the path into linguistic communication ( Johnson, 1995 ) since it is simpler to interpret an thought in one s head into a grammatical sequence of words than to decrypt a sentence spoken by another, whose purposes are unknown.With respects to Kanzi, this lead to a displacement off from intensive preparation Sessionss to an attack in which Kanzi was treated as a underdeveloped human baby ( Johnson, 1995 ) . The findings of this undertaking, in which Kanzi learnt to appreciate word order and other syntactical cues, led Savage-Rumbaugh to reason that pygmy chimpanzee possess fundamental syntactical ability. ( Johnson, 1995 ) This evident success of research with Kanzi was attributed to her exposure to linguistic communication early in her life and tutoring instigated by the animate being s wonder ( Johnson, 1995 ) . Critics responded that animate beings tie ining vocal sounds with objects was far from radical ( Johnson, 1995 ) . However Savage-Rumbaugh argued that tests with words in fresh contexts ( Johnson, 1995 ) revealed that the Pan troglodytess responses were non automatic. Savage-Rumbaugh reported that her Pan troglodytess demonstrate the fundamental comprehension accomplishments of two and a half twelvemonth old kids, understanding complex sentences and spontaneously utilizing symbolic linguistic communication in their communicating. However for many linguists, the trademark of linguistic communication is non comprehension but public presentation, the ability to bring forth progressively complex sentences within the confines of grammar ( Johnson, 1995 ) . The position that mental experiences are non comparably shared between worlds and nonhuman Primatess is prevailing among linguists ( Mitani, 1995 ) and has been enforced by Noam Chomsky s statements that witting idea is merely made possible by the innate mechanism to decrypt the syntactical construction of linguistic communication ( Mitani, 1995 ) . He adheres to the position that the grammar, present in all linguistic communications, has its beginnings in the nervous connexions, alone to human encephalons. Chimp raised from birth in an environment where spoken words and the linguistic communication board ( arbitrary symbols to which one can indicate to convey an object or action ) were spontaneously used to pass on with him